Subject: iodine
Subject: iodine supply
Subject: epidemiology
Subject: method comparison
Year: 2020
Type: Article
Title: Standardized Map of Iodine Status in Europe
Author: Ittermann, Till
Author: Albrecht, Diana
Author: Arohonka, Petra
Author: Bílek, Radovan
Author: Dahl, Lisbeth
Author: Castro, João Jácome
Author: Filipsson Nyström, Helena
Author: Gaberšček, Simona
Author: Garcia-Fuentes, Eduardo
Author: Gheorghiu, Monica
Author: Hubalewska-Dydejczyk, Alicija
Author: Hunziker, Sandra
Author: Jukic, Tomislav
Author: Karanfilski, Borislav
Author: Koskinen, Seppo
Author: Kusic, Zvonko
Author: Majstorov, Venjamin
Author: Makris, Konstantinos
Author: Markou, Kostas
Author: Meisinger, Christa
Author: Milevska Kostova, Neda
Author: Mullan, Karen R
Author: Nagy, Endre V
Author: Pīrāgs, Valdis
Author: Rojo-Martinez, Gemma
Author: Samardzic, Mira
Author: Saranac, Ljiljana
Author: Strele, Ieva
Author: Top, Işık
Author: Thamm, Michael
Author: Trofimiuk-Müldner, Malgorzata
Author: Unal, Belgin
Author: Valsta, Liisa
Author: Vila, Lluis
Author: Vitti, Paolo
Author: Winter, Benjamin
Author: Woodside, Jayne
Author: Zaletel, Katja
Author: Zamrazil, Vaclav
Author: Zimmermann, Michael
Author: Erlund, Iris
Author: Völzke, Henry
Abstract: Background Knowledge about the population's iodine status is important, because it allows adjustment of iodine supply and prevention of iodine deficiency. The validity and comparability of iodine related population studies can be improved by standardization, which was one of the goals of the EUthyroid project. The aim of this study was to establish the first standardized map of iodine status in Europe by using standardized UIC data. Methods We established a gold-standard laboratory in Helsinki measuring UIC by inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. A total of 40 studies from 23 European countries provided 75 urine samples covering the whole range of concentrations. Conversion formulas for UIC derived from the gold-standard values were established by linear regression models and were used to post-harmonize the studies by standardizing the UIC data of the individual studies. Results In comparison to the EUthyroid gold-standard, mean UIC measurements were higher in 11 laboratories and lower in 10 laboratories. The mean differences ranged from -36.6% to 49.5%. Of the 40 post-harmonized studies providing data for the standardization, 16 were conducted in schoolchildren, 13 in adults and 11 in pregnant women. Median standardized UIC was < 100 µg/L in 1 out of 16 (6.3%) studies in schoolchildren, while in adults 7 out of 13 (53.8%) studies had a median standardized UIC < 100 µg/L. Seven out of 11 (63.6%) studies in pregnant women revealed a median UIC < 150 µg/L. Conclusions We demonstrated that iodine deficiency is still present in Europe, using standardized data from a large number of studies. Adults and pregnant women, particularly, are at risk for iodine deficiency, which calls for action. For instance, a more uniform European legislation on iodine fortification is warranted to ensure that non-iodized salt is replaced by iodized salt more often. In addition, further efforts should be put on harmonizing iodine related studies and iodine measurements to improve the validity and comparability of results.
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Relation: European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement number 634453
Identifier: oai:repository.ukim.mk:20.500.12188/8382
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12188/8382Identifier: 10.1089/thy.2019.0353
Identifier: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/thy.2019.0353
